Present perfect
Connecting the past to the present with have/has + past participle.
Present perfect continuous
How long something has been happening.
First conditional
Real and possible future situations: If I study, I will pass.
Second conditional
Imaginary present/future: If I had more time, I would travel.
Gerunds vs infinitives
When to use -ing and when to use to + verb.
Used to / would
Past habits and states that no longer exist.
Should, ought to, had better
Giving and asking for advice.
Passive voice — basics
The focus is on what happened, not who did it.
Reported speech — basics
Telling someone what another person said.
Relative clauses
Who, which, that, where — adding information about nouns.
Too and enough
It's too hot. There isn't enough time.
Question tags
You're a teacher, aren't you?
So do I / Neither do I
Agreeing with positive and negative statements.
Verb patterns
Verbs followed by other verbs: want to, keep -ing, make someone.
Connectors & linking words
However, although, despite, because of.
Future forms review
Will, going to, present continuous for future — which to use.